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Author: Dennis

  • 7 Simple Steps for Tube Feeding a Calf

    7 Simple Steps for Tube Feeding a Calf

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     Tube feeding a calf can be a scary proposition. Improper technique can result in esophageal damage, or worse. Following these simple steps will make things easier on you and the calf. 

    Remember, if you can FEEL IT, you can FEED IT.

    1. Always perform with the calf sternal or standing in a corner.
    2. Prevent the flow of colostrum until the tube is fully inserted into the calf.
    3. We recommend that you also place OB lubricant on the tip of the bulb for easy passage. 
    4. Insert tube with the calf’s head in a normal position. If the calf’s head is bent down, it cannot swallow as easily. If the calf’s neck is extended too high, there is increased risk of entering the trachea. Keep the head in a normal position, insert the tube along the side of the mouth and, as the calf is swallowing, gently slide the tube into position.
    5. Palpate the neck of the calf as the tube is being inserted. Feeling the bulb passing under your fingers indicates proper placement of the tube. If there is any uncertainty, remove the feeding tube and ask your veterinarian for training.
    6. Insert the full length of the tube until the cap is at the lips of the calf, then initiate flow. Allow entire contents to quickly flow into the calf. 
    7. When all flow has stopped, lower the head of the calf and remove the tube in a downward direction to prevent any spilling of colostrum at the trachea entrance.

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  • Heat-Treated Colostrum fed at 15% Body Weight

    Heat-Treated Colostrum fed at 15% Body Weight

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    Heat-Treated Colostrum fed at 15% Body Weight and Added Sodium Selenite and/or Zeolite on Total Immunoglobulin Absorption in Newborn Calves

    Lin, M. MVS, Botero, J. MV, and Dumm, R. DVM. Field Trial Dairy Tech LLC, November 2015

    About Our Study: This study was designed to test our recommended protocols at Dairy Tech LLC as well as to assess whether Sodium Selenite or Zeolite might improve the absorption of immunoglobulin in newborn calves. Previous data about these two products  came from small studies and showed conflicting results. If an inexpensive product could help in absorption, then the Perfect Udder® bag would be the ideal delivery system for it.

    In this study of 200 calves, we had enough animals to see even small differences. Our study documented the levels of immunoglobulin absorption that could be achieved just by following our latest dosing recommendations of 15% body weight colostrum fed in two feedings 12 hours apart.

    • First Feeding: Calves were fed 10% of their body weight using heat-treated colostrum within 4 hours of birth.
    • Second Feeding: Calves were fed 5% of their body weight using heat-treated colostrum administered 12 Hours after First Feeding.

    Calves were tube-fed each dose of colostrum. Only one tube was used per calf and it was cleaned between the two feedings. Colostrum was then heat-treated in the Dairy Tech CombiPasteurizer 30G and stored frozen in Perfect Udder® bags. Product was then warmed to a feeding temperature using a Dairy Tech Bag Warmer.

    What Was Measured?

    1. Birthweight of Calves
    2. IgG levels of ALL Colostrum (Via BRIX)
      1. As a batch
      2. In the Bag Prior to First Feeding
      3. Again, In the Bag before Second Feeding
    3. SerumIgG levels of ALL Calves
      1. At 48 hours we took blood samples
        to check serum IgG levels.
    4. Selenium Levels in Random Calves – to have a feel for herd levels

    Results: There were no significant differences between the groups receiving Sodium Selenite, Zeolite or Sodium Selenite + Zeolite compared to the control group with no additives.

    1. Sodium Selenite was not deficient in this herd – Had this been the case, then maybe it would have made a difference. Further investigation may be warranted.
    2. Amazingly, we found that the average serum IgG level across the entire study was 27.4g/L.
    • Consider that Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT) occurs at <10g/L and current recommendations are to be above this number with a new industry goal of 20g/L.
    • With the second feeding of heat treated colostrum given at the proper time, we have achieved an IgG level beyond expectation.

    Other interesting findings in this study:

    1. If the second feeding was too soon (4-6 hours), there was an increased risk of bloating.
    2. By dividing the feedings 2:1, we also noticed that the calves seemed more comfortable than in the past when we would give 3-4 quarts in one feeding.
    3. From a practical standpoint, the calf will require a second feeding long before there is complete gut closure. Therefore, it makes sense that we also remove pathogens from this feeding.
    4. Small calves benefit greatly from lubrication of the tube before insertion.
        1. L. Johnson, S. M. Godden,1 T. Molitor, T. Ames, and D. Hagman. 2007. Effects of Feeding Heat-Treated Colostrum on Passive Transfer of Immune and Nutritional Parameters in Neonatal Dairy Calves. J. Dairy Sci. 90:5189–5198

    Weina Shi. 2014. Influence of Colostrum Feeding Programs on Passive Immunity, Growth Performance and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Holstein Dairy Calves (Thesis). China Agricultural University.

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  • Just Fill, Shake and Feed

    Just Fill, Shake and Feed

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    Oxford Ag’s Calf Health Solutions in the Patented Perfect Udder® Feeding System Make it Easy to Give’em the GOOD Stuff

    It’s 2:30am and one of your heifers just delivered her first calf. This newborn must learn how to use muscles it has never stretched, breathe air into lungs that have never before expanded, and by instinct alone, find its first meal – quickly. The mother has been preparing this meal for the past several weeks. This is no ordinary meal. It’s colostrum, and it is the most important meal of the calf’s life.

    As warm colostrum flows into the calf, it provides the heat necessary to get it going. Vitamins A and E are present at levels 6-10X higher than that of regular milk, (see colostrum contents chart) and it provides a depot of other minerals as well. Fat and protein levels far exceed that of a normal meal, dispensing the needed energy to get all systems up and running. Most importantly for the calf, the colostrum contains maternal antibodies, or immunoglobulins (Ig), and other critical immune factors that will serve as the defense system for the calf through the first months of life. Without these immunoglobulins, the new baby has no immune system to combat bacterial, viral and parasite challenges. This process is called Passive Transfer and life for the calf depends on this wholesale stockpiling of nutrients and immune factors.

    There are 4 key factors that contribute to the goal of successful passive transfer of immunity:

    1. QUALITY – Feeding high quality colostrum with a high immunoglobulin concentration
    2. VOLUME – Feeding the correct volume of colostrum
    3. SPEED – Feeding colostrum promptly after birth (ideally within 1-2 hours and by 6 hours maximum)
    4. BIOSECURITY – Minimizing bacterial contamination of colostrum

    Colostrum Quality

    Many things can influence the mother’s ability to produce and deliver high quality colostrum such as; Adequate Nutrition, Properly Timed Vaccination Programs, Udder Development. Even in a healthy cow, colostrum quality decreases by about 3% every hour that she is not milked. A 10-12 hour delay can mean as much as a 35% reduction in the amount of Ig her colostrum contains, and each subsequent milking produces fewer Ig benefits as it transitions from colostrum to milk.

    Colostrum Volume

    Volume of colostrum is critical since only 35% of the immunoglobulin (Ig) will be absorbed. For the calf to have functional passive immunity, it needs 10-20 grams of Ig in each liter of blood. With less than this amount, the calf will remain highly vulnerable. The math is pretty simple. The calf must consume 3X more Ig than it can absorb.

    Speed of Delivery

    Immunoglobulins are the basic/building blocks of immunity for all mammal babies. Although some are able to absorb these important proteins while still inside the mother’s womb, the calf is not so lucky. Mother Nature dictates that immunoglobulins are transferred from mother to her calf via the colostrum it consumes in the first feeding. These immunoglobulins are transferred through specialized cells in the calf’s small intestine that temporarily allow the absorption of large molecules and carry them to the blood stream. This has to happen quickly because these cells are only open for a short time. The intestine is most receptive during the first few hours after birth and steadily declines to nearly 0 at 24 hours after birth. By the end of that first day, the specialized cells are replaced with normal epithelial cells and the opportunity for Ig absorption of immune factors is over.

    Biosecurity

    During the process of Ig absorption, some pathogens have learned to take advantage of the security breech in the intestine. It is a free ride into the bloodstream of the calf with potentially life-threatening consequences. We have all seen these calves. They are the ones with severe diarrhea and death at day 3-5 from E.coli and Salmonella; the calves with swollen joints all over their bodies by the time they are 20 days old due to mycoplasma; and the sick calves at 2-3 weeks of age without the nourishment and immunity to keep crypto at bay.

    Calves without colostrum, what we call Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT) are 3X more likely to become ill and require medical intervention, and unbelievably, they are 10X more likely to die before they are weaned1. Furthermore, there is good research to show that calves with FPT are more likely to be chronic poor-doers with reduced productiveness for their entire lives (see chart2). The lost ground can never be regained.

    “Calves without colostrum, what we call Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT), are 3X more likely to become ill and require medical intervention, and unbelievably, they are 10X more likely to die before they are weaned”

    When the calf gets little to no colostrum, we as the caretakers must offer a supplement, or even a complete replacement product, to help it achieve its full potential. This investment is also simple math and it’s where Oxford Ag Calf Health Solutions, in the patented Perfect Udder® Feeding System, help make this stressful situation easier to handle.

    What is the Perfect Udder®

    Oxford Ag represents the Beef division of Dairy Tech LLC, a pioneer in on-farm pasteurization of milk and colostrum for dairy calves. Dairy Tech is the creator of the patented Perfect Udder® feeding system currently used for colostrum management on dairies worldwide. The simple, but unique design allows raw colostrum to be collected, heat-treated, cooled, stored, warmed and then fed to the calf all from the same, single-use, bio secure bag. When a calf is born, a bag can be removed from the freezer or refrigerator that is stored in, then warmed to the perfect feeding temperature. This ensures that each calf can receive the correct amount of high quality colostrum quickly. There is no need to wait until the cow is milked. The bag of colostrum is then fed directly to the calf via an attached tube or nipple. No clean up.

    While this process works very well on a dairy, it fails on a ranch. It simply is not practical to collect and treat beef cow colostrum and total replacement programs are too costly to be the norm. Oxford Ag’s primary purpose has been to develop a high quality colostrum supplement and replacer that capitalizes on the easy-to-use Perfect Udder® Feeding System.

    Colostrum Supplements & Replacers

    There are many great products on the market, but if you’ve ever tried to mix powdered colostrum in the middle of a cold, wet night, you already know the hassles that go with them.

    10 Steps to traditional colostrum feeding on a ranch

    Step 1. Check cows and discover the calf in need.

    Step 2. Return to the barn and look for your old favorite pouch of colostrum.

    Step 3. Find a bucket

    Step 4. Go to the house for the warm water … remember the whisk or the blender … do not announce the use of the whisk or blender to other family members. Beat the product into solution.

    Step 5. Find the calf bottle. Likely in the bed of the truck from the last time you used it.

    Step 6. Clean the bottle and look for a new nipple since the dog ate the last one.

    Step 7. Fill bottle and return to the calf. Hope that it drinks

    Step 8. Return to barn for a feed tube even though now the colostrum is cold and won’t be absorbed worth a hoot.

    Step 9. Scramble for safety from the cow who has seen enough torment for one night

    Step 10. Wash your dishes: Tube, nipple, bottle, pail, whisk

    Oxford Ag Colostrum100 Supplement and Oxford Ag  Colostrum150 Replacer are both derived from high-quality dried colostrum, not serum or blood, and specially formulated to allow complete mixing without the whisk workout. What really makes our products special is that they are packaged in the patented Perfect Udder® Feeding System which makes them ridiculously easy to use.

    It’s Simple

    When you check calves, keep a thermos of warm water and a dose of Oxford Ag Colostrum100 Supplement or 150 Replacer handy. If you find a calf in need follow these 3 Steps.

    Step 1.  Fill the bag to the mark with warm water

    Step 2. Shake to mix

    Step 3. Attach to the included feeding tube and Feed.

    That’s it. Throw it all in the trash when you darn well feel like it. Get some sleep. No mess. No dishes. Convenient and immediate.

    When to use Colostrum100 Supplement:

    • Twins
    • Heifers that might need time to learn mothering
    • Extreme weather when nursing might be difficult to assess
    • Heifers with questionable volumes

    When to use Colostrum150 Replacer:

    • Cow is injured or otherwise unable to feed calf
    • Heifers that refuse the calf initially
    • Cows with mastitis or extreme swelling making nursing difficult
    • Lost calf or other scenarios that might delay nursing in the first day

    In a perfect world, the first meal a newborn calf consumes would always consist of nutrient rich colostrum that transfers immunities and other growth factors from its dam. Since we don’t live in a perfect world, sometimes it is necessary to use a colostrum supplement or replacer. Why not make your life and your calf’s life a whole lot easier. Try a bag of Oxford Ag and you’ll never want to tear the top off another foil bag ever again. Just Fill, Shake and Feed. It really is that simple.

    For more information about these and other Oxford Ag Calf Health Solutions, please visit the Oxford Ag page on this site.

    1. Stilwell, G et al., Can Vet J. 2011 May; 52(5): 524-526

    Courtney, A et al., Defining FPT in S Dakota Beef Calves

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